🚀 Ethereum Researcher Proposes Partial Stateless Solution to Address Network Growth
#Ethereum #VOPS #StatelessEthereum #Blockchain #Decentralization #EthereumResearch #zkVM #VerkleTree #FOCIL #FullNodes #NodeStorage #Crypto #EthereumDevelopment #EthCC #ETH
Ethereum Foundation researcher CPerezz introduced the 'Verify Only Partial Stateless' (VOPS) solution at the EthCC[9] conference. According to Foresight News, CPerezz highlighted that the continuous expansion of Ethereum's state poses a long-term threat to decentralization by increasing the storage requirements for running full nodes. VOPS nodes only need to store four fields for each externally owned account (EOA): address, nonce, balance, and code flag, eliminating the need to store complete contract code and storage trees, thus reducing node storage requirements by 25 times.
The solution utilizes Verkle tree multi-proof or zkVM-generated SNARK proofs to verify state transitions and updates local account tables through 'State Diffs' without executing full block transactions. Additionally, VOPS supports low-hardware configuration nodes to maintain memory pools and connect to the FOCIL mechanism, ensuring ordinary users can participate in transaction inclusion. CPerezz believes VOPS represents an intermediate stage towards a fully stateless Ethereum, balancing node self-verification capabilities with low participation barriers.#Ethereum #VOPS #StatelessEthereum #Blockchain #Decentralization #EthereumResearch #zkVM #VerkleTree #FOCIL #FullNodes #NodeStorage #Crypto #EthereumDevelopment #EthCC #ETH
🚀 AWS Researchers Identify Performance Bottlenecks in Ethereum's Verkle Tree Implementation
#AWS #Ethereum #VerkleTree #PerformanceBottlenecks #GoVerkle #StatelessImplementation #ForesightNews #TreeUpdates #Redundancy #DatabaseIndexKeys #MemoryStructure #ProofVerification #EthereumCore #Optimization #Deserialization #ETH
Amazon's cloud computing division, AWS, has conducted high-pressure testing on the go-verkle implementation of Ethereum's Verkle tree at the EthCC[9] conference. According to Foresight News, researchers Ekleen Kaur and Everton Fraga revealed four major performance bottlenecks hindering the stateless implementation.
Firstly, during tree updates, numerous shadow nodes are created that do not exist logically but occupy physical space, leading to approximately 35% redundancy in state data. Secondly, the design of database index keys includes a significant amount of duplicate path information, increasing storage overhead by about 50%. Thirdly, converting the memory tree structure to proofs involves extensive memory copying rather than pointer referencing, resulting in deserialization speeds that are 24 times slower than optimized theoretical values, potentially causing proof verification timeouts under high load. Lastly, the Verkle tree implementations in different language clients such as Go, Rust, and Nimbus generate proofs that are not mutually recognizable in specific edge cases, posing a risk of unexpected forks after upgrades.
The researchers noted that AWS has submitted several optimization proposals to the Ethereum core repository, focusing on restructuring deserialization logic to eliminate memory copying. Once completed, node operational efficiency is expected to improve by over three times, laying the groundwork for the formal integration of Verkle trees.#AWS #Ethereum #VerkleTree #PerformanceBottlenecks #GoVerkle #StatelessImplementation #ForesightNews #TreeUpdates #Redundancy #DatabaseIndexKeys #MemoryStructure #ProofVerification #EthereumCore #Optimization #Deserialization #ETH