✅ Tableau Calculated Fields

What are Calculated Fields?

Custom formulas you create in Tableau to do calculations beyond default aggregations. Think: Excel formulas inside Tableau.

Why use them?

1. Create new metrics like Profit Margin, YoY Growth

2. Categorize data: High/Medium/Low sales

3. Date math: Days between orders, fiscal periods

4. Conditional logic: IF/THEN/ELSE rules

Basic Syntax

IF [Sales] > 10000 THEN "High" ELSE "Low" END

[Profit] / [Sales] → Profit Ratio

DATEDIFF('day', [Order Date], [Ship Date])

Key Functions

Logical: IF, IIF, CASE

Math: ROUND, ABS, SQRT

Date: YEAR, MONTH, DATEDIFF

String: LEFT, RIGHT, CONTAINS

Pro Tips

1. Calculated fields compute row-level or aggregate depending on formula

2. Use ATTR() to avoid aggregation errors

3. Name fields clearly: Profit Margin % not Calc1

4. Test with a few rows before using in dashboards

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🧠 Technologies for Data Analysts!

📊 Data Manipulation & Analysis

▪️ Excel – Spreadsheet Data Analysis & Visualization
▪️ SQL – Structured Query Language for Data Extraction
▪️ Pandas (Python) – Data Analysis with DataFrames
▪️ NumPy (Python) – Numerical Computing for Large Datasets
▪️ Google Sheets – Online Collaboration for Data Analysis

📈 Data Visualization

▪️ Power BI – Business Intelligence & Dashboarding
▪️ Tableau – Interactive Data Visualization
▪️ Matplotlib (Python) – Plotting Graphs & Charts
▪️ Seaborn (Python) – Statistical Data Visualization
▪️ Google Data Studio – Free, Web-Based Visualization Tool

🔄 ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

▪️ SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) – Data Integration & ETL
▪️ Apache NiFi – Automating Data Flows
▪️ Talend – Data Integration for Cloud & On-premises

🧹 Data Cleaning & Preparation

▪️ OpenRefine – Clean & Transform Messy Data
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🔥 Top SQL Interview Questions with Answers

🎯 1️⃣ Find 2nd Highest Salary
📊 Table: employees
id | name | salary
1 | Rahul | 50000
2 | Priya | 70000
3 | Amit | 60000
4 | Neha | 70000

❓ Problem Statement: Find the second highest distinct salary from the employees table.

✅ Solution
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE salary < ( SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees );

🎯 2️⃣ Find Nth Highest Salary
📊 Table: employees
id | name | salary
1 | A | 100
2 | B | 200
3 | C | 300
4 | D | 200

❓ Problem Statement: Write a query to find the 3rd highest salary.

✅ Solution
SELECT salary FROM ( SELECT salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY salary DESC) r FROM employees ) t WHERE r = 3;

🎯 3️⃣ Find Duplicate Records
📊 Table: employees
id | name
1 | Rahul
2 | Amit
3 | Rahul
4 | Neha

❓ Problem Statement: Find all duplicate names in the employees table.

✅ Solution
SELECT name, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

🎯 4️⃣ Customers with No Orders
📊 Table: customers
customer_id | name
1 | Rahul
2 | Priya
3 | Amit

📊 Table: orders
order_id | customer_id
101 | 1
102 | 2

❓ Problem Statement: Find customers who have not placed any orders.

✅ Solution
SELECT c.name FROM customers c LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id WHERE o.customer_id IS NULL;

🎯 5️⃣ Top 3 Salaries per Department
📊 Table: employees
name | department | salary
A | IT | 100
B | IT | 200
C | IT | 150
D | HR | 120
E | HR | 180

❓ Problem Statement: Find the top 3 highest salaries in each department.

✅ Solution
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT name, department, salary, ROW_NUMBER() OVER( PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC ) r FROM employees ) t WHERE r <= 3;

🎯 6️⃣ Running Total of Sales
📊 Table: sales
date | sales
2024-01-01 | 100
2024-01-02 | 200
2024-01-03 | 300

❓ Problem Statement: Calculate the running total of sales by date.

✅ Solution
SELECT date, sales, SUM(sales) OVER(ORDER BY date) AS running_total FROM sales;

🎯 7️⃣ Employees Above Average Salary
📊 Table: employees
name | salary
A | 100
B | 200
C | 300

❓ Problem Statement: Find employees earning more than the average salary.

✅ Solution
SELECT name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary > ( SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees );

🎯 8️⃣ Department with Highest Total Salary
📊 Table: employees
name | department | salary
A | IT | 100
B | IT | 200
C | HR | 500

❓ Problem Statement: Find the department with the highest total salary.

✅ Solution
SELECT department, SUM(salary) AS total_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department ORDER BY total_salary DESC LIMIT 1;

🎯 9️⃣ Customers Who Placed Orders
📊 Tables: Same as Q4
❓ Problem Statement: Find customers who have placed at least one order.

✅ Solution
SELECT name FROM customers c WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE c.customer_id = o.customer_id );

🎯 🔟 Remove Duplicate Records
📊 Table: employees
id | name
1 | Rahul
2 | Rahul
3 | Amit

❓ Problem Statement: Delete duplicate records but keep one unique record.

✅ Solution
DELETE FROM employees WHERE id NOT IN ( SELECT MIN(id) FROM employees GROUP BY name );

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👉 In interviews:
First explain logic
Then write query
Then optimize

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- Basic Queries: SELECT, FROM, WHERE clauses.
- Sorting and Filtering: ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING.
- Joins: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN.
- Aggregation Functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX.
- Subqueries: Embedding queries within queries.
- Data Modification: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
- Indexes: Optimizing query performance.
- Normalization: Ensuring efficient database design.
- Views: Creating virtual tables for simplified queries.
- Understanding Database Relationships: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.

Window functions are also important for data analysts. They allow for advanced data analysis and manipulation within specified subsets of data. Commonly used window functions include:

- ROW_NUMBER(): Assigns a unique number to each row based on a specified order.
- RANK() and DENSE_RANK(): Rank data based on a specified order, handling ties differently.
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- SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(): Aggregations over a defined window of rows.

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✅ Tableau LOD Expressions Level of Detail 📊🔥

👉 LOD Level of Detail Expressions are one of the most powerful and frequently asked Tableau interview topics. 
They allow you to perform calculations at a different level of granularity than what is currently shown in the visualization.

🔹 1. What are LOD Expressions? 
LOD Expressions let you control how data is aggregated. 
👉 Normally, Tableau calculates values based on the current view. 
👉 LOD lets you calculate values independently of the visualization.

🔥 2. Why Use LOD Expressions? 
✔ Calculate metrics at different levels 
✔ Compare individual values to totals 
✔ Create advanced KPIs 
✔ Improve dashboard flexibility 

🔹 3. Types of LOD Expressions ⭐ 
There are three main types:

✅ FIXED 
Calculates values at a specific level. 
{ FIXED [Region] : SUM([Sales]) } 
👉 Calculates total sales for each region regardless of what's in the view.

✅ INCLUDE 
Adds dimensions to the current view. 
{ INCLUDE [Customer Name] : SUM([Sales]) } 
👉 Includes customer-level calculations.

✅ EXCLUDE 
Removes dimensions from the current view. 
{ EXCLUDE [Product] : SUM([Sales]) } 
👉 Ignores product-level detail.

🔹 4. Example of FIXED LOD 
Suppose you want: 
👉 Total Sales by Region 
Even when viewing sales by product. 
{ FIXED [Region] : SUM([Sales]) } 
This value remains constant for the region.

🔹 5. Real-World Example 
Calculate each customer's contribution to total regional sales: 
SUM([Sales]) / { FIXED [Region] : SUM([Sales]) }

🔹 6. Difference Between Aggregate & LOD 
Aggregate: Depends on current view, Simple calculations, Dynamic with visualization 
LOD: Independent of current view, Advanced calculations, Fixed granularity control 

🔹 7. When to Use LOD? 
✔ Customer contribution analysis 
✔ Regional benchmarking 
✔ Advanced KPIs 
✔ Performance comparisons 

🔹 8. Common Interview Question ⭐ 
Q: Which LOD expression ignores the dimensions in the current view? 
✅ Answer: FIXED 

🔹 9. Why LOD is Important? 
✔ Advanced Tableau skill 
✔ Frequently asked in interviews 
✔ Used in enterprise dashboards 
✔ Makes complex calculations easier 

🎯 Today's Goal 
✔ Understand FIXED, INCLUDE, EXCLUDE 
✔ Learn granularity concepts 
✔ Build advanced Tableau calculations 

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